Zwilazkowiec Alliancer, March 25, 1981

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POST WAR
following article essay submitted
grading Sociology 342Y Untoersity Toronto
cooy entire essay found Multicultural
Society Ontario Grenville Toronto
M5S
By: Michael Minkowski
World War has proved
decisivc cvcnt the
history pcoplo and na-lio- ns
alikc The polilical and
social conseąuenccs the
felt cvcn today
tlie memories and conscien-ce- s
those vho were sub-jecte- d
to Ihe horrorsof the
conflict sonie ways
the most unfortunate
groups individuals to have
suffered result the
were thoso labelled
"Displaced Persons" poli-tic- al
refugees who were left
without home and williout
any roots For many who
sought to rcconstruct their
livcs immigration to Canada
seemed the only aller-nativ- e
The purpose this
essay is to bricfly
whelher not Canada has
proven to the "right" al-terna-the
This will clone
by analyzing the socio-econo-m- ic
siluation sample
post-wa-r Polish immi-granl- s
diawn from the files
tlie Multicultural History
Society Ontario The
below represents
summary morę detailed
and discus-sio- n
liighlighting some
the morę significant hypo-these- s
madę regarding the
cxpcricnces post-wa- r Pol-ish
immigranls and placed
against brief hislorical
backdrop
Post-wa- r Polish immigranls
not the firsl they
the lasl wave Poles
comc to Canada fact they
considered the
fourtli main wavo tolal
five (Radecki and Ileyden-kor- n
1976: This fourth
incorporales the per-iod
1945 1957 during
which morę than 63800 Pol-ish
refugees arrived in Cana-da
from variety coun-lries
oxcept from Poland it-se- lf
ThoY were the veterans
the Polish armed forces
who had fought Ihe
Allies ex-prisone- rs
concentration camp inmales
and slave labourers Ger-many
liberated 1945 by
the Western Allies They
the same fate being
removed from their native
land and not wanting
return because their ana-them- a
towards the new rui-in- g
communisl regime (Ra-decki
and Heydenkom 1976:
By 1947 the Canadian
Government overhelmed
by thousands immigration rcąuosts from political
refugees adopted humani-taria- n
approach facilitat-in- g
immigration and set-tleme- nt
Canada these
people although the Govern-men- t
also influenced by
other such
need for populalion and
economic growth Motivated
by shortage manpower
espocially in farm labour and
other low-skille- d oceupa-tion- s
and swayed by the
memories of Clifford Sifton's
praise for men "shepskin
coats" from Eastern Europę
the Federal Government
mado two-yea- r contracts with
morę than 4000 Polish refu-gees
and veterans binding
lnem to unskilled and semi-skillc- d
farm and industrial
oceupalions Women were
also reeruited on conlract
domeslic and factory oceupa-lions
(Radecki and lleyden-kor- n
1976:53)
This policy soon dis-continu- cd
howcver thal
(AAonthly English
MARCH 1981 V0L 3
Editorial Board: Leszek Wawrow Richard Tyndorf
Krzysztof Gebhard
Editorial Board accepts responsibility opinions expressed
individual contributors Articles not necessarily reflećt
of organization
(A
The is a summary of an
for in at the of
A of the can be in the
History of 77 St
1B3
E T
II
to bo a for
ot' of
of
war aro in
of
In one
of
of
as a of
war as
ie
a
to be
of
discuss
or
be
be
of a of
25
of
of ac-cou- nt
a
of a
comprehensive
of
of
a
are are
of to
In
are to be
of a
of
5)
phasc
of to
a of
of
for
of war
in
in
all
shared of
of to
of
5)
of
a
of
to
in for
was
consideiations —
as a
a of
in
in
for
was
so
25 IV No
no for
do the
any
Ont
nor
su m m a r y)
those arriving in Canada
after 1949 were nol legally
prescribed to Iow oceupa-liona- l
status iobs Bul de-spit- e
this change in official
policy very real problcms of
adjuslmenl were encoun-tere- d
by most immigranls
the most severe being status
dislocation Tne rcasons for
this were many the most
common being the lack of a
working knowlcdge of En-glish
and the lack of recogni-tio- n
of certain Europcan dc-gre- es
and diplomas by Pro-fessional
organizations The
result was thal skillcd me-chani- cs
clerks professionals
lawyers doctors and profes-sor-s
firsl began as farm
hands or as lumberjacks or
as manuał labourers in un-skilled
oceupalions There
were certain exceptions such
as willi engineers or with
doctors who obtained their
degree in England but tor
the most part the vast ma-jorit- y
of post-wa- r Polish im-migranls
were cmployed in
the lowest oceupations for
the firsl few years in Canada
(Radecki and Ileydenkorn
1976:49)
As a result of their back-groun- d
and wartime cxpcr-ience- s
IhCYeterans and the
political refugees were high-l- y
conscious of their Polish
identity and had a strong in-tere- sl
in various aspects of
Polish cullure and polilical
life They were also rcady
and ąuaiified to undertake
the preservalion of the values
and beliefs that they con-sidered
important A signifi-cant
portion of the new-come- rs
were strongly or-ienl- ed
towards Poland pre-oceupi- ed
with the ąueslion
of ideology with political
malters in Europę and with
the exiled Polish govcrnment
in London England Thus
for the first few years
many Poles did not idenlify
themselves with the Cana-dian
nation (Radecki and
Hevdcnkorn 1976: 73)
As the Polish group
emerged from its initial so-cio-econo- mic
status in the
1950s due to upward social
m o b i 1 i l y and inereased
participation and involve-men- t
in Canadian affairs its
members became morę readi-l- y
acceptable to their hosls
and have slowly established
better relations with the in-stitutio- ns
of Canada Better
relations willi Canadians in
time have led to a positive
identification with Canada as
an adopted country instead
of as a temporary refuge For
example in 1961 morę than
90% of the Polish ethnic
group members were Cana-dian
citizens (Radecki and
Ileydenkorn 1976: 187-88- )
In becoming citizens they
also became fiercely loyal lo
Canada although this did
not displace their cultural
and emolional lies with the
Polish nation Tho result is
thal the Polish iinmigrant of
the post-wa- r era is in essence
the embodiment of a dual
naturę — one Canadian and
one Polish (Brzeziński in
Ileydenkorn 1974: 22)
Today it can be said that
in generał most Poles are
strongly attached to Canada
and most are in a much
better posilion than w hen
they first arrived Uowever
if the sample group is taken
as a basis for analysis it be-com- es elear that nol all posl-wa- r
Poles have benefited by
their decision to come to
Canada
Supplement)
POLISH IMM
Those indniduals who
were born inlo the lower
classes in Poland (cg pca-san- ls
unskilled labourers
have in generał achieved a
much higher standard of liv-in- g
for themsehes and lor
their familics here in Canada
tlun whal they might have
hnped for had Ihcy rcmained
in Poland and followcd in
their fathers' footsteps Of
course a variely of factors
have changed the Polish so-cial
slructure sińce Ihe ond
of the Second World War
IIowever if we assume that
these immigranls could
achieve only the lype of per-son- al
g o a 1 s as were
madę possible for Ihem by
their fathers' positions then
it becomes elear thal they
are much better olf here in
Canada
On the other hand those
posl-wa- r immigranls who
came from the upper classes
(eg judges aichitects) havc
nol becn able lo achicve the
same lype of status and stan-dard
of liring as thal of their
falhers Except for one indi-vidu- al
in the sample group
all olhers actually fcll in
terms of their occupalional
income status from what
they might have succeeded
in obtaining had they rc-mained
in Poland and had
taken advantage of the bene-fit- s
associated with their
falhers' positions
In generał most Poles
have actually improved their
generał siluation over the
years and the status of the
Polish communily today is
much better than whal it
once was IIowever as a
group Poles confinuc lo find
themsehes over-represenle- d
in the lower class oceupa-lions
and under-represente- d
in morę prestigious upper
"class" oceupalions This may
change in time' given the
fact thal from among all the
different ethnic groups in
Canada today propor-tionatel- y
Poles consti-lut- e
the second greatest per-centag- e
of studenls per
group size in Canadian uni-versili- es
What this means in
efect is that although Poles
have not as yot '"caiighl up"
with the resl of society there
is nonethelcss a great deal
of potcntial for the commtini- -
ty
The fact thal such potcn-tial
can be realized is a tri-but- e
to the Canadian policy
of multiculturalism which
attempts to facililate the so-cial
integralion of immi-granls
into Canadian society
wiUioul forcing them to sa-crifi- ce
their cultural-religious-linguist- ic
heritage In fact it
was discovered that by virlue
of the multicultural slructure
of Canadian society many of
those Polish poslwar immi-grant- s
with Iow educalion
poor languagc skills in En-glish
and little or no contact
with Canadian institutions
can adapt themsehes cpiile
easily lo Canadian society
The reason for this is thal
these immigranls not pbs-sessin- g
the skills enabl-in- g
them to totally in-legr- ale
themselves into Cana-dian
society (e g poor fluen-cy- )
wilhdraw inlo their eth-nic
group associations in
which they can lhrive with-out
being forced to undergo
fundamental relearning Tlie
ethnic group helps cushion
the impact of "cullure shock"
on the immigrant as woli
as pulling him into the ethnic
milieu in such a way thal a
dependency is built up The
immigranl comes lo literally
depend upon his ethnic
group for survival but be-cause
this is possible the
immigranl feels no inhibi- -
tions aboul nol inlcgraling
himself spccifically inlo Ihe
Canadian milieu In fact
(he immigranl comes to iden-lify
his ethnic group as pail
of the Canadian communily
(which it is) and in so doing
tho ethnic grono soon func-tion- s
as a mediator between
the immigranl and the host
society The result is that tho
immigranl ciuitc conlenl
willi his siluation having a
circle of cłoso acquaintancos
and living ciuitc conifortablv
witliin his ethnic framework
becomes simułlaneously very
attached lo Canada
Whal this sisnilies for
those Polish immioranls who
fali into this calegory is thal
they develop stron? palriotic
sentimonts towards Canada
by virtue of the fact thal
they can live and function
within the Polish milieu To
l)e a Canadian does not mcan
having to undergo diflicull
and perhaps painful proces-se- s
of lot al assimilation into
the Canadian (in this case
meaning the Anglo-Saxon- )
system of norms allles and
beliefs
This is nol lo say thal all
Poles or indced that all im-migranls
are conlenl In
facl there is a signilicanl
group of posl-wa- r Polish im-migranls
who are quite dis-satisfi- ed
willi their generał
life siluation in Canada and
who have a ery Iow degree
of identification wiHi Cana
dian society Ironically these
indhiduals sho w a very
Iow participation rato in Pol-ish
organizations as well
This is one of the curious
aspects of this group for it
is composcd of those who
have compleled some or all
of their high school edu-calion
who tend to be
skillcd labourers and who
speak English willi a fair de-gree
of fluency In other
words they possess vcry
good quali_ficalions] lo func-tion
in bot Ii Canadian iuid
Polish community organiza Crssis
The currenl crisis in Po-land
is in every Pole's mincl
and hearl
The people of Canada willi
some Polish background are
among those who are dis-tresse- d
and worried aboul
their rclalhes or friends in
their mother counlry Being of
Polish background I ani one
of the many who wails lo sce
what our polilical leaders
and worki leaders will do As
yet they have done very
little lo ease our minds!
AVben the Nortli American
Trealy Organization (NATO)
wamed Russia not to inter-vcn- e
in Poland militarily
our own Primo Minister com-mcnle- d:
"I think we
should stcer mUos awav from
any thieal of inlenenlion in
Poland"
Hero instead oC supporting
NATO Prime Minister Trit-dca- u
disciplincd it for warn
ing the Soviets against invad-in- g
Poland His position on
the Polish crisis bas shbwn
insensitivitv lo the nation lic
governs and lo the Polish-Canadian- s
This comes as a complele
shock Many PoUsh-Canadian- s
feel thal the Federal Govcrn-men- t
complelely betrajed
the Polish communily
There has not becn any
Federal discussion to show
the people of Canada Ihat
the Government is concerned
willi a crisis thal touches
many of them dearly One
fact remains elear the Polish
communily has nol slood
around with its hands in its
pockels wailing lo sce what
happens next Instead dozens
of collection funds were
slarled (without governmcn-la- l
assistancc) to aid the
brave tradc unions in Poland!
We in Toronto or the Polish
Community have come lo
realize Ihe seriousness of this
situation and are helping by
ghing what we can It is in
times of stress and disasler
thal we lend our help It
would be a far greater suc-ces- s
if Canada look into coii
sideration the nceds of the
Polish nation
Bul the queslion still re-mains:
can anyone under-stan- d
our Prime Minisler's
molivcs lor doing what he--
tions as well as lo play the
role of medialors between Ca-nadian
and Polish institu-tions
Ifovevcr many of
these immigranls have
reached the maximum levcl
of occupalional and status
mnl-ilit- y meaning thal for a
varirty of reasons thev are
faced willi few prospeets of
imiirovoment relative to their
skills These individuals have
grown bit ter and they per-ceiv- o
Canadian institutions as
being largely at fault for
Ihcir own socio-cćonom- ic si-luaM-oiis
This of course mi-li!
aleś against the possibility
of them wishing lo integrate
themsehes into Canadian so-ciety
They remain there-lor- o
disenchanlcd and dis-satisfi- ed
and they reiusc or
are not able lo participate in
the Polish communily mean-ing
that thev cut themselves
off lrom any lype of social
nelwork or organizations In
this way their economic dis-satisfacli- on
is reinforced bv
their social ijolation which
in lurns breeds grealer dis-satisfacli- on
for life in Can-ada
Conlrary to most reseaich
icsults however ii was
found thal on Ihe basis of
the sample group those Pol-ish
immigrants with post-secondar- y
education are gen-crall- y
quite salislied with
thHr siluation in Canada
Even though most havc fal-lc- n
in status relative to their
falhers they all cxpressed
posithe atlitudes towards
their achievemcnts in Cana-da
and towards the oppor-tunitic- s
which are crealed
for them in Canadian society
For many it is simply the
fact that they are living in a
deinocratic society willi op-porlunit-ies
for their ehildren
wJjich suffices as a basis for
their satisfaction For olhers
ii ijs the type of communily
parlicipalion they are in-()lv- cd
in vhich has salisfied
tlieYii AlIof lliese indivi-dual- s
howcver are accutely
n Poland
did? Ile literally turned his
back on the Poles I guess
this display of indillerence is
ui keeping with the tradition
of he Western World
NATO doesnT want lo
commil itself to economic
sanclions against Ihe USSR
This is exactly whal it and
the Western countries have
done ]ircviously The plat-foi- m
they took regarding
Ilungary in 1956 Czechoslo-vaki- a
in 1968 Afghanistan in
19S30 and now Poland in 1981
is or could be Prime Min-ister
Trudcau's ulterior mo-tiv- e
All of Ihese events mark
a time in history when the
Western counlries ignored
tho ery for help If the cali
for help is not answered Ihe
result will be a complele
communisl diclatorship
U is a horrible thoughl but
iudging from whal the West
has done to aid Poland may-b- e
it doesr't want freedom
for the japthe nations in a
communisl regime
It is an embarrassmenl to
do what we the West havc
done Scnding notes of criti-cts- m
won't help or aid the
siluation in Poland Accom-plishmen- ts
come only wltcn
a distinct act is done The
West has nol yet done any-lliii- i"
II cannol claim Ihat ii
has held the Rusisan Bear off
of Po!and's back The Bear
is still there It is stalking its
prey ready lo pounce al any
limo
Poland is one of the few
Communist counlries thal
has golten away with so
much Bul how long will it
conlinue? How leng will it be
before Moscow decides it has
had cnough?
U is a true miracle thal
Poland has gotlen away with
so much The Solidarity tracie
union is over 10 million
strong a phcnomenal num-be- r
ot people who opposc the
communisl and their form of
gocrnment These millions
of people should be hon-oure- d
Their long struggle
for liberty against such a re-gime
has proven lo the worki
what' courage the Poles pos-sess
The Poles have accom-plishe- d
an honourable feal
onc"Msed on the truth of the
aware of the fact that they
eniov a standard of living
which is considerably grealer
than that of their familics in
Poland and thal thev eniov
a vflst degree of richts and
freedoms which are rarely
found in oMinr counliucs
cven in Ihe United States
On ihe uhole most of the
subiects from the sample
grono evon flmse who were
dissalislicd willi their own
life siluation nrefprred Can-ada
over Ihe United Sates
citine wiolcnce and "immo-ralily- "
as reasons for their
abhorence of the U SA
Upon closer examination
howerer it becomes cridenl
thal all of tho subjects in
spite
_
of their personal
oninions have become in-tecrat- od
o a certain degree
into the Canadian ethos An
unconscious process of inte-gralion
amon? all these indi-yidua- ls
is charactcrisHc of
most of Ihe nost-wa- r Polish
immigrants who in spite of
onv protcstaMons find it cli f-fic-ult
to adiust to different
patlerns of living ditferenl
norms and different wavs
of thinking than to whal
they have become aceustom-c- d here in Canada Al-though
lliey may be closch
associated with the Polish
communily and although
thev may feel "Polish" and
nol "Canadian" thev-hav- e in
fact grown within the Cana-dian
social slructure becom-ing
a part of it as concomit-lan- t
social changes and dc-velopme- nts
have led to a dif-ferent
social rcality than the
one which confronted the
immigrants upon their ar-riv- al
herc These people
usually discover thal this is
indeed a very real fact after
they reluin to Poland for a
visit whereupon they rcalize
that the Polish sociely of to-day
is in many respects alien
to cverylhing thal they bc-liev- e
is "normal"
- In cóncluśion it is elear
from the discussions that post- -
mater: they have proven
thal the enlirc communisl
government is fraudulent a
prevaricator to its people
although many of the people
who havo escaped from be-hin- d
the Iron Curtain already
know this The world of li-berty
outside Marxism now
has scen the aulhenticity of
SOLIDARITY and of its
goals ! ! !
Communist rćgimcs base
their polency and admi-nistratio- n
of their tolalitarian
slalcs on the Marxist prin-cipl- e
of act ing in favour of
and supporting the most de-sire- d
inlcrcsls of the work-ing
class With the formation
of Solidarity and the growth
of its membership lo 10 mil-lion
people the Polish nation
has provcn the Soviet Empire
wrong Moscow is cinbarras-se- d
and at the same time in-furial- ed
by the aclion which
Poland has laken Poland has
definitely penetrated and
fraclurcd Russia's wali of de-fen- ce
Although victory may still
exisl in Ihe forseeable fu-turę
Poland's destiny is
clouded with certain inter-venlio- n
by Russia The Sov-iet- s
musi at some time in-tcrvc- ne
in Poland They must
do this in order to protecl
their invcslment They real-ize
thal they have given too
much slack in the ropę to Po-land
and that Poland is using
thal slack lo hang them!
The only cerlain thing Ihat
can guaranlee Poland any
dcfinile liberty is if Russia
gives in to Polancfs demands
The conlagious virus of
democracy has spread in Po-land
If ii can spread to the
hearl the inner-cor- e into Ihe
Kremlin then an uprising of
revolutionary groups desir-in-g
democracy will liberatc
those unfortunate people
It has already been said
and will always bc said thal
Poland was born with a des-tiny
far greater than any
other nation Its ullimate fate
is democracy and liberty
God willing it will soon taste
not only the bread and meat
it so desired but also the
sweetness and flavour of a
long sought for liberty!!
R BRZĄKAŁA
war Polish immigrants have migranls should not be able
cncounlered a variety of ex- - to achievc a great deal given
periences resulting in a va- - the fact that their parcnls
riety of opinions Some indi- - have toiled ever sińce Ihcir
viduals have prospored by arrhal to provide a comfor- -
their decision lo come lo table cxistcnce cven if this
Canada olhers may have in- - exislence may not be quile
dced not done as well as Ihey on the same level as it should
had originally hoped All of be One very important ques- -
the injmigranls have in time tion still rcmains however:
become part of the Canadian Does discrimination conlinue
milieu in one way or an- - J? bc an operative factor in other Ihere is no reaso itshhe wimaymitghraant lSPioleasre antdreaPlocl-d-other
There is no reason Dy ue rcst of Canadian so-wli- y the ehildren of these im- - eicty?
BIBLIOGRAPHY:
Heydenkom 13 (ed) Past and Present Toronto: Polish Alliance
Press Ltd 1974
Radecki H & Heydenkom B A Member of a Distinguished Family
Toronto McClelland & Stewart in association with the Mult-iculturalism
Program Department of the Secretary of State and
the Publishing Centrę Supply and Senices Canada 1976
The sample consisted of 25 interviews 6 of which were conducted
by the-autho- r The remaining IS interviews are in the collection
of Multicultural History Society of Ontario
200 years of Polish Engineers in Canada
By Dr Zdzisław Przygoda
Polish Engineers in Canada
have a tradition of two hun-dre- d
years in the dcvelop-men- t
of the natural resouices
and industrial potcntial of
this country
Some of the first maps of
Canada were designed by
Charles Blaskowitz who ar-rive- d
in Canada in 1772 He
was "Depuly surveyor to His
Majesly's Survevor General
of Lands for the Northern
District of North America"
LI Col Ilon Alexandre
Kierzkowski (1816-1870- ) is
anolher example of Poliah
engineering pioneering in
Canada He took part in the
1839 Polish insurreclion
against Russia obtained his
cngincer's diploma at the
"Ecole Centrale" in Paris
France and sellled in Canada
in 1842 Using European me-tho- ds
for credit and financing
Kierzkowski hclped to dey-elo- p
agricullure in Quebec
Ile was tho commanding of-fic- er
of the second batallion
of militia of St-IIyacin-the
On
September lOth 1867 he was
elecled lo the Ilouse of Com-mon- s
for Saint-Hyacinl- he and
rcmained a Member of the
Ilouse until his death on
August 4th 1870 He is listed
in the Canadian Parliamen-lar- y
Companion of 1867 as:
"KIERZKOWSKI Lieut Col
Ilon Alexandre Edouard
JP (St Hyacinlhe) L"
Kierzkowski came to Can-ada
at the same time as Ca-sim- ir
Gzowski Gzowski
was a brilliant engineer and
a colourful military man He
was a co-found- er of such di-ver- se
institutions as the
Jockey Club and Wycliffe
College A pioneer of many
interesls he enriched our
land and lęfl a lasting mark
on its history Ile surfaced
Yonge Street from Toronto
lo Lakę Simcoe built bridges
and railways the most fam-ou- s
being The Grand Trunk
Linę from Toronto to Sarnia
and the Internalional Bridgc
in Fort Erie in 1873 Sir Casi-m- ir
was concerned willi
the defence of Canada at the
time of the Fenian Raids Ile
was appointed Aide-de-Cam- p
to Queen Victoria in 1879
She bestowed Knighthood
and the Distinguished Order
of St Michael and St George
on him on July 2 1890 Al
the lurn of 1896 Sir Casimir
served as Administrator of
the Province of Ontario be-tween
the death of one Lieu-lena- nt
Governor and the ap-poinlm- ent
of another
The Association of Polish
Engineers in Canada was
formed in May 1941 The
Governnienl of Canada nced-e- d
specialisls for conslruc-tio-n
of plants for the war
industry This resulted in an
agreement between the Pol-ish
Government in Exile in
London England and the
Government of Canada Mem-bers
of the Association came
to Canada via various routes
Polish underground organiza
tions in France and Portugal
hclped some of them to ob-tai- n
placcs on transporls
from Lisbon Olhers came
via England They workecl in
the Canadian aiicratt and
armament industry and ren-dere- d
enormous services to
the Allied war effort
The lale Mr Zygmunt
Cyma was involved in the
organization of the Canadian
aireraft industry A former
direclor ot an airciaft factory
in Poland he was aided by
a team of Polish aeronaulical
experls This group remained
in the aireraft industry after
the end of the war until the
time the "Arrow" program
was abandoned The stress
calculations on Ihe "Arrow's"
wings were done by the lato
Dr A Grzędziclski
Mr W 1 Jakimiuk a de-signer
with de Havilland of
Canada in Toronto was res-ponsib- le
for the design of
Iwo internationally known Canadian aiicraft: the
"Chipmunk" — a tandem
trainer and the "Beaver"
used for bush operalions
The lale Mr A Rozciszew-sk- i
designed a smali caliber
riflc for use by the Allied
Forces This rifle was pro-cluce- d
during the war in Long
Branch near Toronto After
the war Mr C D Iłowe ac-knowled- ged
Mr Rozciszew-ski'- s
contribulion through a
special letter of thanks
The Polish engineers work-ing
in Canada during the war
were cerlain of an Allied vic-tor- y
and anticipated return-in- g
to a free Poland As the
ciul of the war found Poland
under a communist govcrn-men- t
the majority of the
Polish engineers dccided to
stay in Canada
In the years following the
war many morę Polish en-gineers
and architects came
to this country Many of the
new arrhals were graduates
of B r i t i s h uniyersities
through scholarships granted
Polish war veteraus by the
British Governmcnt
The Association of Polish
Engineers in Canada was in-corpora-ted
in 1944 The daily
work of the Association in-clud- es
helping new engineers
arrhing to Canada The Asso-ciation
also organizes lectures
and mainlains contact with
other Canadian engineering
associations The present
membership is located in five
branchcs across Canada (Ca-lgary
Montreal Ottawa To-ronto
and Sarnia) A ąuarter-l- y
bulletin informs members
aboul tho acthities of the
various branches
Not all engineers of Polish
origin belong to our associa-tion
Our latesl survey indi-cate- s
that there are approxi-matel- y
2400 registered Pro-fessional
engineers of Polish
background and 150 regis-lere- cf
architects in Canada
today In adidlion there are
landscape architects many
professors at unhersities and
a large number of technicans
and tcchnologists
THE P0L0NIAN FORUM welcom)s contributions from those
interested in Polish and Canadian matters
Forward correspondence to:
Leszek Wawrow co The Polonian Forum
1638 Bloor St W
Toronto Ont M6P 4A8
Tel (Office) 535-623- 3 (home) 532-5G5- 0
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